



~ Gor Ug, Mathematician, circa 20,000 B.C.
THE HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
Computers can be separated into software and hardware. Computing hardware is the physical machine that, under the direction of a program, stores and manipulates data. Since first conceived, there has been a constant drive to make computer hardware faster, cheaper, and store more data.
Before the development of the general-purpose computer, most calculations were done by humans. Tools to help humans calculate are generally called calculators. Calculators continue to develop, but computers have overshadowed them and become ubiquitous, due to their incredible flexibility. Computer technology has undergone profound changes every decade since the 1940s.
Humanity has used devices to aid in computation for millennia. The earliest counting device was probably some form of tally stick; later record keeping aids includes phoenician clay shapes which represented counts of items, probably livestock or grains, in containers. Another example is a device for establishing the checkered cloths of the counting houses served as simple items for enumerating stacks of coins, by height. A more arithmetic-oriented machine is the abacus. The earliest form of abacus, the dust abacus, has been used in Babylonia and perhaps earlier times. The ancient Egyptian bead and wire abacus dates from 500 BC. (Cont.)

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